Uterine Cancer, also known as endometrial cancer, is a type of cancer that begins in the lining of the uterus (endometrium). It occurs when cells in the endometrium undergo genetic changes (mutations) that cause them to multiply uncontrollably and form a tumor. The exact cause is often unknown, but risk factors include hormonal imbalances, obesity, age, and genetic predispositions.
Clinical Evaluation
Patient History: Detailed history of symptoms, menstrual cycle, and risk factors such as family history of cancer.
Physical Examination: Pelvic examination to check for abnormalities in the uterus and surrounding tissues.
Diagnostic Tests
Transvaginal Ultrasound: To visualize the uterus and measure the thickness of the endometrium.
Endometrial Biopsy: A procedure to obtain a tissue sample from the endometrium for pathological examination.
Dilation and Curettage (D&C): A surgical procedure to scrape and collect tissue from the lining of the uterus for further analysis.
Hysteroscopy: A procedure using a thin, lighted tube inserted through the vagina to examine the inside of the uterus.
Imaging Studies: MRI or CT scans to assess the extent of the cancer and check for metastasis.
Abnormal vaginal bleeding or discharge, especially after menopause.
Pelvic pain or discomfort.
Pain during intercourse.
Unexplained weight loss.
Fatigue.
Presence of a mass or lump in the pelvic area.
The treatment of uterine cancer depends on the stage and grade of the cancer, as well as the patient's overall health and preferences.
Surgery:
Hysterectomy (removal of the uterus) is the most common treatment. This may include a total hysterectomy (removal of the uterus and cervix) or a radical hysterectomy (removal of the uterus, cervix, part of the vagina, and surrounding tissues).
Salpingo-oophorectomy (removal of the fallopian tubes and ovaries) may also be performed.
Radiation Therapy:
External beam radiation therapy or brachytherapy (internal radiation) to kill cancer cells or shrink tumors before surgery.
Chemotherapy:
Use of drugs to destroy cancer cells, often used if the cancer has spread beyond the uterus.
Hormone Therapy:
Medications to block hormones that fuel the growth of certain types of uterine cancer.
Targeted Therapy:
Drugs that target specific molecules involved in cancer growth and spread.
Immunotherapy:
Treatments that help the immune system recognize and attack cancer cells.
Lifestyle Modifications and Supportive Care:
Healthy diet, regular physical activity, and psychological support to improve quality of life during and after treatment.